anglista.edu.pl :: Potrzebuje pomocy :( Pomozcie mi ;( bo nie wiem co zrobie

tomk

Witam,

zwracam sie z uprzejmą prośbą do was, o pozamienianie mi zdan na latwiejsze bez tego nie dostane oceny pozytywnej na koniec roku.. , , nie jestem zbyt dobry z angielskiego, a te zdania w tym tekscie sa dla mnie za trudne, i ogolnie, moze jest ktos kto bylby tak mily i to dla mnei zrobił

tekst mozna poskracac, itp

pomocy

jestescie dla mnie ostatnia deska ratunku

6. Forms of action

Actions for failure to fulfil obligations

Such proceedings enable the Court of Justice to decide whether a Member State has fulfilled its obligations under Community law. The beginnings of proceedings before the Court of Justice is preceded by a preliminary procedure conducted by the Commission, which gives the Member State the opportunity to reply to the complaints against it. If that procedure does not result in termination, an action for breach of Community law may be brought before the Court of Justice. That action may be brought by the Commission or by another Member State. If the Court finds that an obligation has not been fulfilled, the Member State concerned must terminate the breach without delay. If, after new proceedings are initiated by the Commission, the Court of Justice finds that the Member State involved has not complied with its judgment, it may, upon the request of the Commission, impose on the Member State a fixed or a periodic financial penalty.
Actions for annulment

By an action for annulment, the applicant seeks the annulment of a measure adopted by an institution (regulations, directives, decisions). An action for annulment may be brought by a Member State, by the Community institutions (Parliament, Council, Commission) or by individuals to whom a measure is addressed or which is of direct and individual concern to them.

Actions for failure to act

The Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance may also review the legality of a failure to act on the part of a Community institution. However, such an action may be brought only after the institution has been called on to act. Where the failure to act is held to be unlawful, it is for the institution concerned to put an end to the failure by appropriate measures.

Application for compensation based on non contractual liability

In applications for compensation, based on non-contractual liability, the Court of First Instance rules on the liability of the Community for damage caused to citizens and to undertakings by its institutions or servants in the performance of their duties.

7. Appeals on points of law

Lastly, appeals on points of law only may be brought before the Court of Justice against judgments given by the Court of First Instance. If the appeal is well founded, the Court of Justice sets aside the judgment of the Court of First Instance. Where the state of the proceedings so permits the Court may itself decide the case. Otherwise, the Court must refer the case back to the Court of First Instance, which is bound by the decision given on appeal.

8. References for a preliminary ruling

References for a preliminary ruling are specific to Community law. While the Court of Justice is the supreme guardian of Community legality, it is not the only judicial body empowered to apply Community law.
That task also falls to national courts, as they retain jurisdiction to review the administrative implementation of Community law, for which the authorities of the Member States are responsible; many provisions of the Treaties and of secondary legislation - regulations, directives and decisions - directly confer individual rights on nationals of Member States, which national courts must uphold. National courts are thus by their nature the first guarantors of Community law. To ensure the effective and uniform application of Community legislation and to prevent differing understanding, national courts may turn to the Court of Justice and ask that it clarify a point concerning

A reference for a preliminary ruling may also seek review of the legality of an act of Community law. The Court of Justice’s reply is not merely an opinion, but takes the form of a judgment or a reasoned order. The national court to which that is addressed is bound by the interpretation given. The Court’s judgment also binds other national courts before which a problem of the same nature is raised. References for a preliminary ruling also serve to enable any European citizen to look for clarification of the Community rules which concern him. Although such a reference may be made only by a national court, which alone has the power to decide that it is appropriate do so, all the parties involved – that is to say, the Member States, the parties in the proceedings before national courts and the Commission may take part in proceedings before the Court of Justice. In this way, a number of important principles of Community law have been laid down in preliminary rulings, sometimes in answer to questions referred by national courts of first instance.

please help me.

pakk · Wysłany: Sro 30 Maj, 2007 9:53 pm

Are you pulling our leg ?